Complimentary Blueberry Juice

Illuminating agriculture with an ecological light.


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  • 2 for 2: Overwintering Honeybees

    Still in the first year of beekeeping here! It felt like a big test, to see if I could successfully overwinter the bees. On a nice day recently I went in for a check, removing the R10 and R20 insulation that was (hopefully) keeping the bees stable all winter. And right away we saw good news, both hives were actively eating through the fondant supplement I had given them.

    After cracking the lid it was obvious there was lots of bees and both hives seem to be buzzing and humming along really nicely.

    It was pretty exciting to see all those bees!

    Still have a ways to go yet before any food sources start coming in, so I’m not quite out of my first year of beekeeping. There’s food and mites to stay on top of, and then we’ll see how strong these hives are as the queens start laying their first eggs of the season. This final two month stretch will be the last learning curve to go through before I can finally repeat this all and see if I managed to learn anything.

    Nothing quite like hearing a humming hive at the end of March with snow on the ground. Spring is on the way.

    Graham

    thanks for reading complimentary blueberry juice

  • Let’s Talk Weeds in No-Till Gardening

    Let’s Talk Weeds in No-Till Gardening

    I’ll be giving a little talk tomorrow, Thursday March 20th, at Little Brown Jug in Winnipeg starting at 7pm.

    The topic is managing weeds in a no-till permanent bed system.

    Hoping that after this talk I will follow my own advice and finally get better at managing them weeds!

    Graham

    thanks for reading complimentary blueberry juice

  • Toxic By Default

    We received notice from our RM of all the wonderful chemicals that may be applied during the season, a run-of-the-mill PSA. It proceeds to list 9 different herbicides and 4 pesticides. At the bottom of the PSA comes the kicker: if you don’t agree, you have to write a physical letter to the provincial government asking for exemption.

    I find this chemical-laden world we live in absolutely absurd. The default is chemicals, and if you don’t agree to being exposed to chemicals on your property, in the year of 2025, you must send a physical letter to opt out.

    Otherwise, you are out of self-protectionist letter-writing luck in public areas. Areas you may take your kids, areas you may go for a run, or walk your dogs. We live in a chemically compromised world, and these are only the ones we are told about, or physically witness being applied.

    Since it is seeding time, the question of chemicals is front in my mind. Common practice in agriculture is to coat seeds with all sorts of chemicals. Fungicides, pesticides, trademarked and patented secret sauces for protection against this and protection against that. I have seen bags of seed labelled with poison symbols, with warnings not to eat, or, not to let your livestock on the applied field within 45 days after planting. Because with all these chemicals, there is also conveniently a magic period of time after application that makes it all safe again.

    And those are vegetables that you end up eating.

    We are assaulted from chemicals on all sides, without even knowing. And the default is to accept it as unharmful. This isn’t the case with say, cigarettes, which everyone understands your right to enjoy a smoke stops at also polluting the lungs of those in the room or in the car with you.

    This topic really hits my ecologist-wired mind hard. I find this remarkably sad view of our planet and our world. I find it unfathomably short-sighted. I believe it to be utter hubris, and peak human ignorance and futile exercise in reductionism. The idea that we can insert a chemical into a seed and magically produce resistance to a perceived threat ignores every biological reality known to science. There are thousands, hundreds of thousands, millions of genes in a seed, all getting switched on or switched off, according to environmental pressures.

    But we humans know better than the developing embryo and genetics of a seed. And, after inserting chemicals into seeds to protect the crop from this and that, we then proceed to spray more chemicals while the plant is growing, to prevent this disaster or that.

    The default.

    This sort of thinking is so pervasive it seems impossible to go against it. But I am incapable of seeing the world and everything in it as a threat. I am incapable of seeing my crops this way, like they are being attacked from hordes of funguses and insects and diseases that you only hear about from poisonous seed labels. The incubated fear is real. The response is to grab the chemical. It isn’t even questioned. There is no effort made to understand the plant, understand plant physiology, or think of a plant as anything other than stupid, a sitting duck, lying in the open with no cover or defences, thank goodness there are humans around to protect them.

    The informational input to the human mind is largely one-dimensional and increasingly aesthetic. We can see one problem and one problem only, and it is almost always perceived as a threat. A weed in a lawn, is a threat to the lawn. A worm eating a tree leaf is a threat to the tree. But what we don’t see is the million, billion, trillion other factors that are contributing to the situation. We don’t see the entire food web. We don’t see the genes switching on and off to environmental stimuli. We don’t see the changes and responses by nature over time, because we live on a time scale that can only compute annual growth. We don’t see the stimuli, we don’t see the synthetic chemical molecule interacting with the cell membrane, we don’t see any of it. The most profound factors effecting gene expression are invisible to us. The peaks and valleys of predators and prey are reduced to a flat stable line, trap counts and budgets for spraying chemicals.

    I came across this photo recently of Toronto, Yonge and Eglington, circa 1922. I shudder to think what we have lost in our relentless pursuit to make our environment “clean.”

    There is nothing more clean than the natural world fully expressing itself through diversity.

    The problem is that our chemicals are not specific. They target all. Thus the effect to the environment is total. Thus begins a cascade of environmental failure that creates further reliance on chemicals. We create the imbalance through our actions and our desire for a certain aesthetic, then we pour billions of dollars into chemical warfare to keep it imbalanced.

    The biggest buyers of chemicals? Farmers and governments.

    The default is an infinite hamster wheel, and we can only get off the manic single-minded ride if we choose to see our amazing world and everything in it a different way.

    Graham

    thanks for reading complimentary blueberry juice


    See Also:

    Butterflies Decline in US by 22% since 2000.

    Pesticide Use in Canada Soars.

    Widespread global decline in insects.


  • Managing Chaos: Creating a Schedule

    I’ve been working at it for awhile now, but within the next week I will finalize the schedule for the entire farming season. It includes seeding dates, transplanting targets, and all sorts of reminders.

    I started building this about 5 years ago and I’m not sure I remember how to run a farm without it! The biggest difference is not having to keep all of it in your head, that day-to-day management is eased a lot by simply referring to the master schedule.

    It gets better and better each year as each season when we re-assess everything, you can add things that are important. As of last year we’re adding things like foliar nutrition applications and fall soil prep end dates to the schedule. It helps us get smarter and more efficient with time management, and allows us to adjust every year. By the time it is done we will have over 300 line items on this spreadsheet that will guide us and our season from March to October.

    But mostly it takes the energy of thinking during the season out of the equation, so you can focus entirely on what’s actually happening.

    I know there are programs out there to help with seeding schedules and such, but I have found that I enjoy the exercise of updating this specific schedule to our own specific farm, tailored for what we need to get accomplished, and what works for us.

    Over the season, the grower makes a million decisions, and to be able to save some brain power on the organization side that can be diverted to real-time decisions makes a huge difference, especially as the season goes on, the days get shorter and just like nature, we start getting tired and are needing some rest.

    Graham

    thanks for reading complimentary blueberry juice

  • Book Recommendation: Finding the Mother Tree

    I’ve had this one on my reading list for awhile having read some of her scientific work in the course of learning about plant’s symbiotic connections with microbial life, and I cannot recommend this one enough: Finding the Mother Tree by Suzanne Simard published in 2021.

    The journey to discovering trees and forests’ connections with fungal networks is buried within a memoir of her own life. It is a powerful way of conveying both the story of discovery, and the absurd fights from industry, government, and other scientists, that come as a reaction to truths.

    By now in 2025 I feel like a lot of these concepts of plant symbiosis with microbial life and their literal entanglement with plants is a basic accepted fact, at least in the world of organic and regenerative agriculture. But Simard fought the good fight when this was not accepted fact. These battles are soul-crushing to read but the way Simard has presented these detractors in the appropriate light. My favourite example may be Simard pointing out early climate change research and how it would affect forests (what would become the infamous hockey stick graph) and was ridiculed for accepting this new science as fact. If only the forests could laugh, as the decades since, and the most recent year or two, have shown in graphic and overpowering force how true these things are.

    For anyone who loves trees and interested to learn more about plant intelligence and how everything is connected, this one is highly recommended.

    Graham

    thanks for reading complimentary blueberry juice

  • No Light Without Heat

    Last fall I wrote a post titled Science Will Win, around the time a collaborative journalistic investigation revealed a group lead by a former Monsanto PR executive were compiling a database of people connected to or involved with work that was critical of pesticides, GMOs or advocates for various forms of organic agriculture.

    There’s an update on that one: the company has shut down.

    Those seeking more knowledge in good faith on behalf of the public, unfortunately face many roadblocks, including pressure or smear campaigns, but the growing amount of awareness of issues related to adverse chemical effects and environmental degradation will make these pressure and smear campaigns harder.

    Kudos to the team of journalists for doing brave work, and to those who fight for better answers, and for our collective health.

    There is no light without heat.

    Graham

    thanks for reading Complimentary Blueberry Juice

  • Grower Error III: Incomplete Nutrition

    One thing becomes clear after reviewing the various challenges or crop failures I’ve had over the past few years. There is a common denominator, and that common denominator is an inattentiveness to plant nutrition.

    For the most part I’m very lucky where the farm is, our clay soils are pretty good and if the weather is favourable things will generally work out. However there are many potential points of failure. I’ve run into those potential points of failure more times than I’d like to admit.

    It’s important to feed your plants.

    So for the 2025 season I want to put together a nutrition program that intends to inject nutrition or a biological at every possible stage of the plant’s life. It doesn’t mean that it will make all the plants fail-proof, but it can mean we have more resilient plants. For market gardening with 35-40 different crops, there can’t be a one-size-fits-all solution. The nightshades are going to have different needs than the brassicas, and so on.

    What I can do is implement a new thought process that will demand ongoing attentiveness to this issue. So far in my thinking I’ve come up with a list of 7 important categories of places I can take a nutrition action:

    seed planting
    greenhouse soil mix
    transplanting solutions
    foliar applications
    bed flips
    fall soil amendments
    cover crops

    As an example, when we get to a transplanting day, and there’s plain old well water in the transplanter, I might have to ask myself “am I doing all I can to aid the plant nutritionally in this step” and, in this case, the answer would have to be “absolutely not.”

    There will be a lot of trialling and experimenting, but what are we doing if we aren’t trying to learn new things or gain some insight? There’s still a couple months to do some reading and research.

    I’m still excited about the (very) successful trials I ran last fall with calcium applications and those results have been the insight that has shown a much bigger path forward for a more total plant nutrition approach.

    Graham

    thanks for reading Complimentary Blueberry Juice

  • Grower Success II: Cover Crop

    After going through last year’s photos again I realized one of our most solid crop installations was actually our cover crop. We put more forethought and action into prepping the site than we did our nearly-failed onion crop, which really goes to show what you can accomplish if you prepare and what chaos you will have if you don’t.

    The truth is, we were both nervous and anxious about putting this cover crop in, as we’ve never done anything like it. As such we took extra precautions and extra preparations.

    There’s a big, big lesson in that.

    Perhaps the most important thing was patience.

    We selected a site for our cover crop trial well in advance. Knowing that the cover crop had to get up and going meant two things: we had to control for weeds, and we needed to plant just before a rain (so the seed wasn’t sitting there with all the weeds ready to germinate).

    To control for weeds we made repeated tillage passes to make sure our site was “clean.” One day we saw that indeed it was going to rain, at least enough to germinate the crop, so we did one last tillage pass, and planted the crop the day before the rain event.

    There was no “doing it anyway” or “just go for it” or powering through despite bad timing or farmer anxieties. The success of this cover crop was down to planning, preparation, and waiting. And the results speak for themselves. We now have an excellent cover crop with which we can run trials with, as we scale up our cover crop installations for 2025.

    Patience comes into play a lot in our short Zone 4 season…things like corn and beans don’t like cold soil so you need patience (waiting for the soil to warm up is worth it), things like tomatoes or cucumbers can’t get even a light touch of frost so patience is key there as well. And if you’re farming without irrigation, or trying to germinate a cover crop without irrigation, prepping while you wait for that moment when the rain comes is a big game changer.

    Good things come.

    Graham

    thanks for reading Complimentary Blueberry Juice

  • Grower Success

    What does it look like when everything goes well?

    Last week I detailed everything that went wrong with our onions. When you run into problems like that, it’s almost comical how many Grower Errors can stack on top of each other, compounding all the issues.

    On the other side of the coin, the side all farmers strive for, is hitting all the points, executing every step, and ending up with a standout crop. For us last year, that was carrots.

    Not only was it a stunning crop to look at, the quality of the carrots was off the charts. We harvested well over 90% of these beds, with very few grade-outs or damaged carrots (and if they were damaged it was probably my fault). We got carrots early, and we harvested carrots late.

    The difference between this execution and our onion execution is simple but makes a profound impact on the outcome: for carrots, we have carefully considered every aspect of growing them, and catered completely to the needs of the carrot. For onions, we planned with our anxieties of previous years.

    These carrots we grow in zero-till beds primarily for ease of harvest without machines and for irrigation access, as germinating carrots requires consistent moisture for a long period. A day or two before these carrots germinated, the beds were flame-weeded, which took care of the initial wave of weeds. They were then weeded twice more before the canopy closed, and no more weeding was required.

    I’ve learned over the years that any weeds in the carrots results in a lot of carrot deformities and makes it hard to pull them out of our clay without breaking them, both leading to a significant decrease in harvest %. To get that right, you have to hit the beds before the carrots germinate so the delicate cotyledons get a chance to establish, and twice more at regular intervals of 10-12 days apart get the rest.

    Growing the carrots this way allows the carrot roots to dominate the bed, and most importantly, the fine hair carrot roots, the ones that grow laterally from the main root, seem to be the key to making our clay malleable and crumbly, making harvest easy. Weed roots interfere with this and it is very obvious when you use a broadfork to harvest them: a cross-section lets you see it in real time.

    As far as nutrition goes, I find that the layer of mushroom compost mulch is all that’s required to get carrots on their merry way. These carrots had no fertilizers, and no foliar applications. The beds were well-established and have been zero-till with mostly continuous crops for several years.

    These carrot tops got so vigorous that they also closed the gap of our 18″ path walkways!

    And crucially, we know for a fact that Canada Thistle is not a problem in this section of beds. There are no established rhizome colonies here.

    It is theoretically possible to have all one’s crops at this optimal level. If I was to plan our next onion crop: I will take the soil health and thistle status into account, I will make sure we are addressing the onion’s nutritional needs especially at transplant time to promote root growth, and if we can go through the field three times for weeds, we should end up with at least an average or above-average crop. Planning beyond this season for onions means we are preparing our soil a year in advance…for carrots, I already know which beds I will be using, and they are already set up and ready to go.

    Often in the chaos of the farming season, trying to get everything done, we don’t always execute all steps as we should. It’s worth the advance planning to get there. The more thoughtfully we can consider fields, plots and beds a year in advance (or perhaps more) the better the outcomes will be, and the less stress…on both the farmers, and the plants.

    Graham

    thanks for reading complimentary blueberry juice

  • Grower Error II: Ignoring Canada Thistle

    There’s a lot of aspects of the farm I’d rather not show, at least the image one wants to project is that the farm is clean, awesome and everything is going well.

    But I think I’ll take January to exorcise our Grower Error demons. Perhaps by posting them I’ll be far more risk averse in 2025 and beyond. Today’s is probably the worst offender from last season: our onion field.

    The issue we were most fearful of was being able to water them early in the season. 2023 and 2022 had both been dry, hot seasons, and putting them out in our big field without irrigation (or what is known as “dry farming”) had not been kind to our onions (though we did harvest below-average crops). So for 2024 we decided hey, we’ll plant them in an area where we will have the ability to water them if we need to.

    Hey how about that one field where we know there are probably some Canada Thistle problems lurking below the surface? Oh no worries, it won’t be that bad, we’ll just weed them when they come up.

    This is what over 20 000 onions look like in a field of Canada Thistle:

    Of course, 2024 was not the hot, dry spring that occurred previously, it was a cold, wet spring. And of course, cool and wet conditions are going to aid the Canada Thistle. And of course, “weeding” the Canada Thistle means chopping stems at the surface which proliferates the Thistle (and does nothing to address the structural biological problem, so the problem continues for at least another season).

    Miraculously we scraped by on this field, but at best we broke even, and we are lucky we didn’t break any tools trying to weed them (four times!). Far too many of the onions were not even the size of golf balls after 100 days following the transplanting date.

    What to take away from this?

    First, the weather: because it was “dry” last year doesn’t mean it will be “dry” this year. That might be obvious, but Farmer Anxiety is well-known to override the obvious and make a more desperate play to soothe. Sure we felt better when it was cool and wet, thinking this would give our onions an advantage (it should have) but what we didn’t realize was we had already made the grave and irreversible choice on transplanting day.

    Second, we are not treating the biological problem of Canada Thistle with the respect and careful considerations it deserves. These are far more than just weeds, and had our senses been more finely tuned we likely would have noticed the impending issue two, three, or four years ago, and would have been able to take steps to address it.

    We are now in the process of addressing this field (and several other locations on our farm) for Canada Thistle and healing the soil. I will likely publish more about these journeys as we go through the year.

    Third, we are not doing enough to give our transplants an advantage at transplanting time. We need to implement more biologically-based strategies to encourage root development at the time of transplanting, to get the plants established early and investing in soil connectivity, so they are ready for any adversity thrown at them during the season.

    Fourth, I think the most important and probably biggest take away from this example is that the Grower Error occurred because we took no steps to prepare in advance. We still struggle with throwing out the “this is the best solution right now” strategy and adopting a “we are going to take a year to prep this area for X, Y, and Z crops for the following season.” We might be able to avoid these basic issues if we can see the problems arise in advance, or see that our treatments aren’t working out as planned.

    We have enough experience at our farm of planting in great, high-quality locations to know what it should look and feel like during the previous year. It removes a large part of the Farmer Anxiety. Moving towards making that the default farm strategy is the ultimate goal.

    Graham

    thanks for reading Complimentary Blueberry Juice


About Graham

Graham is an ecologist-farmer from Canada working on educating about the wonders and beauty of the natural world, and how we can design biodiverse food production systems.

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